Introducing Differentiation

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 spell agone I was asked by @_JPMason to write a postal service close how I innovate differentiation to my Year 12s. I've been procrastinating for weeks simply hither I am, large drinking glass of vino inward hand, attempting to tackle this challenge. I've alone introduced calculus a few times together with I don't intend I've e'er done it peculiarly well. So this is a proficient chance for me to gain some enquiry together with some thinking which volition hopefully improve my ain teaching practice.

This postal service is primarily aimed at teachers who are teaching calculus for the starting fourth dimension time - I promise you lot honor some useful ideas here.

An Instantaneous Rate of Change
As good every bit knowing how to differentiate, students demand an intuitive agreement of the slope of a bend at a point.

Students are familiar amongst the concept of gradient as a charge per unit of measurement of change, simply alone inward the context of the steepness of direct lines. Their adjacent stride is to empathise that they tin also decide the slope of a curve. But dissimilar a direct line, the steepness of a bend changes constantly. Hence nosotros direct hold a gradient function - lay inward a value of x together with nosotros honor the derivative at a specific indicate - an 'instantaneous charge per unit of measurement of change'.

You could start past times showing your students a uncomplicated distance-time graph. Discuss how the slope changes inward each department of the graph - your students volition easily position positive, negative together with null gradients. Ask them how to assign a discover to those gradients together with they volition in all probability retrieve that slope is calculated every bit 'rise over run' ie distance divided past times time. In a distance-time graph, the value of the slope represents speed. Now beak over the sentiment that direct lines correspond constant speed. Ask your students if they tin run or wheel at a constant speed. Perhaps seek it inward the classroom - direct hold your students walk across the room simultaneously, attempting to keep constant speed. Impossible? If your schoolhouse is lucky plenty to ain a motion sensor then this is a proficient chance to utilisation it - graph matching activities are bang-up fun. The indicate is that speed varies together with thence it should live on represented past times a curve. It's slow to decide the slope of a direct delineate simply how tin nosotros decide the slope of a curve? That's the large question.

'Making feel of differentiation' by Project Maths describes the sentiment of an instantaneous charge per unit of measurement of alter inward a agency your students volition understand: "The speed of an object at an instant inward fourth dimension is surprisingly hard to define precisely. Consider the statement: 'At the instant he crossed the complete delineate inward 2009 Usain Bolt was travelling at 28 mph'. How tin such a claim live on substantiated? Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 photograph taken at that instant would live on no assist at all every bit it would demonstrate Usain Bolt motionless. There is some paradox inward trying to written report Usain’s motion at a item instant inward fourth dimension since, to focus on a unmarried instant, you lot effectively halt the motion! Problems of motion were of key occupation concern to Zeno together with other philosophers every bit early on every bit the fifth century B.C. The modern approach, made famous past times Newton's calculus, is to halt looking for a uncomplicated notion of speed at an instant, together with instead to expect at speed over pocket-size fourth dimension intervals containing the instant". Khan Academy has a truly proficient Introduction to Differential Calculus video close Usain Bolt together with instantaneous rates of change.

Once you've given students a sense of savor of what calculus involves, seek a uncomplicated activeness similar this to acquire them thinking close the changing gradients of curves:

Source: Project Maths

They should live on able to consummate the tabular array without whatever instruction, based on what they know close gradients from Key Stage 3/4. I've produced a worksheet that covers these introductory ideas. This could live on exist fix every bit a homework inward advance of the starting fourth dimension calculus lesson.

First Principles
Once students start differentiating using a set of rules, this theme is fairly straightforward. They apply a uncomplicated physical care for together with acquire the answers correct - hi presto, they're doing calculus. But it's essential that we show them where the rules come upward from, so let's expect at that.

Like most Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 degree teachers, my starting fourth dimension calculus lesson focuses on differentiation from starting fourth dimension principles. In the bang-up calculus argument of the 17th Century, Newton together with Leibniz independently invented calculus to allow the notion of charge per unit of measurement of alter to live on made mathematically precise. To quote Jonny Griffiths, "I similar the sentiment that every bit mathematics teachers nosotros are trying to rerun the history of the dependent acre within our students' heads, alone quicker! Maybe discovering the dominion for differentiating xⁿ is such an of import trial inward this history that this activeness wins its position inward an AS class where fourth dimension is tight".

In my lesson on differentiating from starting fourth dimension principles, I plot y = x² on the board together with guess the slope at x = three using a serial of increasingly brusque chords. Once we've established that the slope of the tangent (and hence the curve) at this indicate is 6, I gain the same for a duet to a greater extent than points. I together with so acquire through the algebra for the full general indicate (x, x²). We found that the slope role is 2x together with beak close how nosotros tin utilisation that role to honor the slope at whatever point.

Then I acquire the students to direct hold a acquire amongst y = x³ and y = x⁴. They expect for patterns together with figure out the dominion for y = xⁿ. Sounds straightforward simply the limits together with deltas may confuse your students, so don't rush them.

betterexplained.com

This starting fourth dimension principles method is clearly explained inward this article from Math Centre. If you lot haven't taught a starting fourth dimension principles lesson earlier together with are a chip unsure together with so lookout adult man this video to come across how it's explained. Most teachers I've spoken to innovate differentiation inward a similar way. Some gain a lot less explaining than me, instead getting the pupils to gain most of the piece of work themselves past times paw or using ICT. If you're looking for a resources to guide you lot inward this starting fourth dimension principles lesson together with so this worksheet from SRWhitehouse on TES mightiness live on helpful. If you'd rather students utilisation ICT (Desmos or Autograph), together with so this RISP gives some guidance.

Resources

I truly savour teaching differentiation in i trial we've got past times that tricky starting fourth dimension lesson. Optimisation is peculiarly satisfying.

I've listed a few teaching resources here.

For activities that assist students practise the basic rules, at that topographic point are simple polynomials dominoes and factorised quadratic dominoes from Teachit Maths. WJEC gives us a differentiation pelmanism for the interactive whiteboard together with the Standards Unit has a Matching Functions together with Derivatives activity.

SRWhitehouse on TES gives us pick of fantabulous differentiaton exercises.

Once you lot acquire onto stationary points, here's a few resources to try:

• Finding stationary points of cubic functions - Standards Unit
• Optimisation - The Chalk Face
• Maxima together with Minima problems (notes & slides) - Nuffield Foundation

Project Maths is a fantastic website amongst lots of proficient resources, many of which are featured inward my resource libraries. It’s based on the Irish Gaelic schoolhouse organization so is a chip hard to navigate if you’re non familiar amongst their curriculum. The best bits are the activities at the dorsum of their T&L plans - for instance Introduction to Calculus is packed total of fantabulous resources for introducing differentiation together with explaining concepts relating to rates of change. It fifty-fifty features a Usain Bolt activeness which ties inward nicely amongst the ideas above.

Final thoughts
Differentiation truly exposes gaps inward students' indices together with algebra skills. If you're looking for resources to assist you lot learn the other topics covered inward Year 12, come across my Core AS Resources Library.

I highly recommend that all maths teachers read the articles close calculus on betterexplained.com, starting amongst Calculus: Building Intuition for the Derivative.

Jo or Gottfried?

Calculus is a rare branch of mathematics inward which you lot truly desire a pupil to enquire the inquiry 'But Miss, when volition nosotros e'er demand to know this?'. There are endless applications in a broad discover of fields including engineering, architecture, medicine, physics, finance together with economics.

As usual, I'm truly keen to listen your teaching ideas - delight comment below or tweet me.

Apologies for whatever mistakes inward my terminology inward this post. I'm no Leibniz. If I've made whatever glaring errors together with so gain allow me know.

If all else fails together with so enquire your students to purchase the Cartoon Guide to Calculus. Who needs teachers?