Ideas For Education Circle Theorems

There was no inquiry nearly whether circle theorems should earn their house on the novel mathematics curriculum. They are the perfect representative of a theme that is good placed inward secondary schoolhouse mathematics. In teaching this topic, nosotros receive got the pleasance of exploring a prepare of theorems - a pocket-size alternative of the many fascinating properties of circles - thence teaching students how to apply their novel mathematical noesis to solve geometrical problems.

Background
Imagine designing a mathematics GCSE from scratch. What topics would yous include? There's a lot of mathematics to select from. You exclusively receive got to glance at an quondam textbook or O score newspaper to come across that the topics studied at secondary schoolhouse receive got changed considerably over the final century. Have circle theorems ever featured on the United Kingdom of Great Britain together with Northern Ireland of Britain together with Northern Republic of Ireland curriculum?

Looking dorsum at the 1957 O score Syllabus, nosotros receive got the following:

Extract from 1957 O score maths syllabus

Most of this looks really familiar, although the theorem 'if 2 circles touch, the indicate of contact is on the business of the centres' is non covered anymore. Note that the term 'cyclic quadrilateral' isn't used, but instead 'angles inward contrary segments are supplementary'.

In the 1957 O score exam there were many questions relating to circle theorems, including a seat out of proofs. The inquiry below is perchance the easiest, together with is similar inward mode to the questions seen on electrical flow GCSE papers. Our students mightiness relish having a become at questions similar this - the maths that their grandparents did at school.

1957 O score question

There was also a inquiry inward the 1957 newspaper relating to the Power of a Point Theorem, which at in ane lawsuit features inward iGCSE (specifically the Intersecting Chords Theorem) but non GCSE.

Interestingly the wording (but non the substance) of the circle theorems content on the 1974 O score Syllabus differs notably from the 1957 Syllabus. Again, circle theorems characteristic heavily inward the Geometry department of the 1974 O score exam. In the inquiry below, our electrical flow GCSE students would live able to do purpose a, but non purpose b.

1974 O score question

Over the next forty years, circle theorems content was reduced (in business amongst a gradual displace to include more topics inward secondary mathematics, but less depth). The 1984 O level (an splendid seek - similar to today's higher GCSE but to a greater extent than challenging) contained exclusively 2 circle theorem questions. Here's ane of them:

1984 O score question

The electrical flow GCSE specifications are really specific nearly which theorems are included (most of circle theorems on the 1957 Syllabus receive got stood the seek of time). The extract below is from the 2012 Edexcel GCSE specification.

Extract from Edexcel GCSE 2012 Mathematics Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 specification

The novel Edexcel GCSE maths specification (effective from 2015) is far less specific, only stating:

Thankfully the new AQA specification is less vague, confirming the continuation of the existing content.

The novel OCR specification contains a similar score of detail.

Source: Wikipedia

So it's long been accepted that circle theorems are worth including inward secondary mathematics education. Although there's been a pocket-size reduction inward the attain of theorems covered over the final lx years, the bulk receive got survived. Circle theorems may receive got petty straight application inward 'real life', but that doesn't matter. Mathematicians relish applying circle theorems to solve interesting geometrical problems. The trickier problems tin actually seek our logical thinking skills together with are especially satisfying. I'm pleased that circle theorems are hither to stay. So let's expect at a few teaching ideas.

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 skillful house to start when teaching circle theorems is a recap of angle facts relating to triangles together with parallel lines. Most teachers thence acquire their students doing some exploration into angles inward circles. Once each theorem is established, students should do a lot of practice, starting amongst uncomplicated cases thence moving onto to a greater extent than complex questions involving to a greater extent than than ane theorem. We ask to expect at proofs along the way too.

Vocabulary

Paper plate vocab from Mr Collins

There's a lot of novel vocabulary inward this topic. First nosotros receive got the parts of a circle - your students could explore these using this blog post from Mr Collins.

This is also a skillful chance to verbalize about etymology - tangent originates from the Latin tangere 'to touch' and arc originally referred to the sun's apparent motility inward the sky. Segment (think oranges) and sector (think pie charts) are both from the Latin secare 'to cut'. Diameter is from the Greek dia- "across, through" and metron "a measure".

As good every bit the parts of a circle, nosotros also receive got novel words inward the descriptions of the theorems. For example vocabulary I brand some suggestions for activities to back upwards students when yous innovate novel cardinal words, such every bit vocabulary noesis surveys together with literacy walls.

'Name the line'
vocabulary exercise

Investigations
It's squeamish to give students the chance to investigate the angles inward a circle using ICT, geoboards (virtual or real), worksheet investigations or paper folding.  I honey this serial of Geogebra worksheets from The Maths Teacher. Students tin play around amongst the angles on enshroud thence respond the questions provided. In Folding Circles: Exploring Circle Theorems through Paper Folding from the NCTM, students manipulate newspaper circles to explore circle theorems (scroll downwardly to theorems 3 together with iv inward the instructions). I also similar these 2 uncomplicated paper-based demonstrations: angle at the centre and angles inward the same segment.

Extract from Folding Circles (NCTM)

Another persuasion for investigating angles inward circles involves hula hoops - this originates from the invitee post this post by Kelly Achtymichuk (source of the pictures below) together with Mr Collins' post 'Circle Theorems & Hula Hoops!!' to come across how other teachers receive got adapted the idea.

Cyclic Quadrilaterals

I'm non going to become into item nearly each theorem but I do desire to call cyclic quadrilaterals. The give-and-take cyclic is from the Greek kuklos which agency 'circle' or 'wheel'. A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose vertices all prevarication on a unmarried circle (ie the vertices are concyclic).

All triangles receive got a circumcircle but non all quadrilaterals do. Ask your students to sketch an representative of a quadrilateral amongst circumcircle (eg a square) together with ane without (eg a rhombus).

I similar the inquiry below (from this CIMT exercise) to develop understanding of the give-and-take concyclic.

Question from CIMT

Proof

Students should receive got a become at working the proofs out themselves. But they're non accustomed to proof, thence they'll in all likelihood ask some direction. For example, when they're proving that the angle inward a semicircle is a right-angle, yous could exhibit them the pace pictured together with inquire 'how would yous acquire to this step?' And where would yous become from here?'.

I also actually similar this activity from rhemsley on TES which makes the proofs to a greater extent than accessible yesteryear starting amongst numbers earlier generalising.

The NCETM also gives us this proof worksheet where students create total inward the missing words.

Tangent proofs are non currently on the GCSE syllabus but if yous desire to evidence the tangent theorems amongst your class, scout James Tanton's video Tangent Theorems for Circles together with the Pythagorean Theorem beforehand - the explanations are really clear.

If yous desire circle theorems together with proofs on your classroom wall thence these posters from danbar1000 on TES are great.

Resources
If you're planning a sequence of lessons on circle theorems thence you'll detect enough of useful worksheets together with activities listed inward my shape resources library. 

In my final gems post I mentioned the costless app Angles? - Let's solve figures problems! by Gakko Net Inc. If your students receive got access to iPads inward lessons thence this is a bright app for practice. It starts off amongst triangles together with parallel lines but yous tin skip ahead to circle theorems.

Particularly complex circle theorem questions, or 'busy' diagrams (like the inquiry below), could live enlarged on A3 newspaper - this would live a skillful chance to job the acrylic sheets suggested inward Jeremy Denton's post 'Improving students' collaboration using acrylic sheets'.

Source: CIMT

Memorising the theorems

Circle theorems are ane of those topics that require think every bit good every bit understanding. If students acquire by to spot the solution to a job thence I encourage them to become through a checklist of circle theorems inward their head, annotating the diagram where they can. Often students missy the 'angles inward the same segment are equal' steps because they aren't ever every bit obvious every bit others (as inward the representative shown below).

Enough practise of using circle theorems mightiness live sufficient to memorise them, but in this post Don Steward suggests that at that spot mightiness live do goodness inward chanting the theorems. I've non tried this yet but dorsum inward chief schoolhouse I learnt my times tables yesteryear chanting - it seemed to operate well. He suggests that the instructor taps on a diagram together with the cast telephone phone out the theorem (see his post for associated resources).

Chanting exercise from Don Steward

Off on a tangent
I desire to cease amongst a twain of curt non-syllabus ideas that would live squeamish to expect at amongst your students if yous receive got time.

Have yous ever looked at a regular This post nearly Thales Theorem describes how the presenter of children's TV programme Art Attack demonstrated how to detect the centre of a circle. If it featured on Art Attack thence why non do it inward a maths lesson? There is a squeamish interactive demonstration of the method here including printable instructions.

If you're teaching circle theorems for the start fourth dimension or yous precisely wanted some fresh ideas, I promise this post has been helpful. Please percentage your ideas together with favourite resources inward the comments below, or through Twitter. 

This was a rather long post thence if yous made it this far together with it's nonetheless Nov 2014, delight vote for me inward the United Kingdom of Great Britain together with Northern Ireland of Britain together with Northern Republic of Ireland Blog Awards! Thank you.

All O score cloth inward this post was taken from Cambridge Assessment.

5 Maths Gems #24

Hello as well as welcome to my 24th gems post - this is where I part five teaching ideas I've seen on Twitter. I'm going to live on brusk as well as sugariness today... I'm meant to live on marking!

1. Angles inwards Parallel Lines
I'm e'er on the expect out for practiced questions that I tin hand notice role inwards course of didactics as well as thus I was pleased when Cliff Pickover (@pickover) tweeted the occupation below. This volition do nicely for my Year 7s when they come upward to revise angles. I don't shout out upward they've seen the 'hatch mark' used for equal angles earlier (only equal sides) as well as thus it's a practiced exercise inwards interpreting musical note too. Answers are on page half dozen of this document. By the way, if you're non already next Cliff, I highly recommend his tweets.

2. Algebra Countdown
I was browsing @stephenbodman's lovely resources on his website secondarymaths.wikispaces.com when I spotted Algebra Countdown. This is an activity based on the TV programme Countdown, but instead of numbers students are given algebraic terms. Set upward the Countdown Clock as well as run the activity inwards Excel on your Interactive Whiteboard. It's a actually overnice activity for practising simplifying algebraic expressions.

3. Isometric Fractions
I was looking at the cool pads of sticky-backed graph newspaper on www.instagraphs.com (only available inwards USA as well as Canada) as well as spotted an interesting approach to teaching fraction add-on as well as equivalency using isometric grids (see film below). The grid only helps students to depict as well as combine equal sized parts, but anything that helps students sympathise the concept of a mutual denominator is worth considering.

4. Circle Theorems Badges
Cameron Fehr (@MrFehr_SVC) shared this film of the circle theorem badges he uses to vantage his students.

Cameron made these himself using a badge maker. His students tin hand notice earn them past times (for example) correctly reciting the quadratic formula. Cameron real helpfully shared his files here (where there's lots to a greater extent than award-related things to explore).

5. Artistic Mathematics
@MrMathsTeacher shared fantastic pictures of Piet Mondrian-inspired graphs of horizontal as well as vertical lines. I dearest this idea.

6. Imperial Measures

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 bonus precious rock this week, peculiarly for my American readers. We don't role cups as well as quarts inwards the U.K. but if nosotros did, I'd uncovering a role for this fantastic diagram. It helps us visualise the relative sizes of each unit of measurement as well as respond questions similar 'how many teaspoons are inwards a gallon?'.

Reading!
I desire to recommend 3 posts this week... Craig Barton (@tesMaths) updated his 'Links to the Best Maths Websites inwards the World' - it's good worth a read, every bit is his extensive listing of maths resources - Essential Freebies.

Lucy Crehan (@lucy_crehan) shared this lovely post from the 'I am Malala' website. It features pictures of classrooms all over the footing - I actually enjoyed reading it.

That's it for this week. Thanks for reading. I'm utterly exhausted! My infant is 8 months quondam at ane time - volition she ever sleep? Roll on half-term! :)

5 Maths Gems #26

post.

Things people produce on Pi Day - Spiked Math

1. Helpful Exercise Books
I spotted foldable vertical disclose lines when reading Sarah Hagan's splendid blog Math = Love. I'm definitely going to operate these adjacent twelvemonth - I'll endeavour it out amongst my novel Year 7s inwards September. They'll stick a vertical disclose line of piece of occupation inwards the dorsum of their practise book. The disclose line of piece of occupation tin terminate hence live on unfolded as well as referred to whenever it's helpful to produce so. It's skilful to larn students inwards the habit of using disclose lines, as well as I intend that vertical disclose lines are to a greater extent than helpful than horizontal ones.

Speaking of disclose lines, this postal service virtually Open Number Lines by @mburnsmath is worth a read. I operate disclose lines similar this on the board all the time.

Back to practise books, I was actually interested in @Ms_Kmp's postal service 'Indexed Learning' which is virtually students numbering every page inwards their practise books. The postal service describes the numerous advantages of page numbers - I specially similar the regard of students creating a topic index at the dorsum of their book.

2. Parallel Line Mazes
I enjoyed Gems 23 - he made an interactive display on the wall for students to bring a larn at.

5. Pi Day
My schoolhouse doesn't commonly produce anything for Pi Day but this twelvemonth nosotros bring a few things planned, including a pie baking competition, a treasure hunt as well as a Poetry Pi-Cital. The latter involves students writing as well as reciting a brusk poesy form virtually Pi, inspired yesteryear the poesy form at the offset of this video:

Here's a few to a greater extent than Pi Day ideas that you lot mightiness non bring regard of:

• Pi recital competition. Prize for the pupil who recites the most digits of Pi. 
• ‘Tell a maths instructor an interesting fact virtually Pi’
• Freehand circle drawing competition
• Make a giant Pi newspaper chain (a dissimilar coloring for each number).

There's besides 2 dainty ideas inwards this post from @InteractMaths.

That's it for today's gems. If you're coming to the conference adjacent calendar week hence I await frontwards to coming together you, either at my workshop or during the Tweet Up (information virtually both sessions tin terminate live on constitute here). Do come upwards as well as tell hi.

Finally, here's around pictures of the fantastic piece of occupation done yesteryear my Year 10s - I dear my novel circle theorems wall. It was an slow as well as enjoyable lesson to run - I only gave them newspaper plates, straws as well as pins as well as they got on amongst it!

5 Maths Gems #32

Hello too welcome to my 32^nd gems post. This is where I part teaching ideas too resources I've seen on Twitter.

1. Expression of the Day

You mightiness already travel familiar with Jeremy Denton's (Number of the Day. He's right away created Expression of the Day too. These activities tin travel used to ensure that students oftentimes practise their release too algebra skills. Do depository fiscal establishment gibe out Jeremy's weblog post Starter Activity - Expression of the Day for the PowerPoint file too an illustration of how to purpose this fantastic resource.

2. Maths Documentaries

In the concluding lesson or 2 of the schoolhouse twelvemonth some teachers demo videos during maths lessons, which I intend is fine every bit long every bit students are learning nigh maths from those videos. Not certain what to show? Thanks to @AlgebraFact for sharing this page of Mathematics Documentaries from CosmoLearning - enough to direct from here.

For to a greater extent than ideas for destination of term lessons, encounter my post 'End of term!'.

3. Angles inwards a Polygon
Thanks to @sporteredu for sharing these pictures showing a practical demonstration of the outside angles of a polygon summing to 360^o.  

@ProfSmudge shared a similar laid of pictures of an irregular pentagon.

I've ever used an animation to demonstrate this too convey never thought of doing this lovely paper-based alternative.

For to a greater extent than animations encounter my post Animations too Simulations.

4. Reasoning Statements

Thanks to Mel (@Just_Maths) for sharing this awesome circle theorems activeness 'Great angle chase'. I honey activities similar this - it's my favourite sort of maths problem.

I was really pleased that Mel shared this link because it led me to a resources website I'd never seen before. I've right away added lots of resources from Top Drawer Teachers to my resources libraries. 

I peculiarly liked these reasoning statements -  a bully listing of propositions for bird discussion. The instructor presents a proffer too asks questions such every bit "Is it true?", "Is it merely sometimes true, or is it or ever true?", "When is it true? How do you lot know?",  "How could nosotros demonstrate/show/prove that it is true?".  Examples include:

• The hateful of 3 consecutive numbers is the middle number.
• Triangles tessellate. 
• Volume = expanse of the destination × length 
• If the H2O inwards our dams increases yesteryear 10% this month, too thus decreases yesteryear 10% adjacent month, it volition travel dorsum to where it started.

5. Zoolander

Mary Pardoe (blog post yesteryear Simon Gregg (@Simon_Gregg) nigh teaching Year iv nigh scaling. It features a Zoolander enquiry from Robert Kaplinsky (@robertkaplinksy). Fans of Zoolander volition similar this!

Students demand to intend nigh how many times would you lot demand to scale a model upward to brand a existent school. Questions to inquire too possible approaches are detailed on robertkaplinksy.com.

Update

here).

Did you lot encounter my page 'New GCSE Support' which links to resources for the novel GCSE topics? I'll travel adding a lot to a greater extent than resources over the adjacent brace of months. You tin access this page from the 'Extras' carte on my weblog (top correct - unless you're viewing the mobile site inwards which instance you'll demand to click on 'view spider web version' to encounter this menu).

The London Maths Hubs are joining forces to run a conference on Th ninth July. It looks similar a practiced choice of speakers too workshops thus if you're based inwards or nigh London it would travel worth shout out for for a solar daytime out of schoolhouse thus you lot tin attend.

There's some lovely novel resources coming from my favourite websites lately - do depository fiscal establishment gibe out the recent offerings from MathsPad, Teachit Maths too Median Don Steward. 

This article nigh the relative difficulty of maths exams or thus the basis is interesting. I similar these box plots:

• Finally, Billy Adamson asked people to clit maths inwards ane word too here's the fantastic results:

Have a bully calendar week everyone!